Classical Islam is a typical representative of military-political “universalism” in international relations of the Middle Ages, like Orthodox (Tsarist) and Catholic universalism. Islam elaborated concept of bipolar geopolitical division of the world into the “house of Islam” and the “house of war”, which is target of jihad until the inevitable victory of Islam over the world. Crushing defeat of Ottoman Empire in the war with Tsarist Russia and Napoleon Bonaparte opened the way for European expansion into the Islamic world in form of the “Eastern Question” and the “Great Game”. Since that time Islamic universalism has been transformed into spiritual sphere. However, contemporary Islamic fundamentalists and Islamists (al-Qaʽida, Islamic State) are trying to revive the classical Islamic universalism by declaring jihad as the sixth “individual” duty of Muslim.